Thursday, March 19, 2020
Common Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese
Common Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese In Japanese, there are many particles that are added to the end of a sentence. They express the speakers emotions, doubt, emphasis, caution, hesitation, wonder, admiration, and so on. Some sentence ending particles distinguish male or female speech. Many of them dont translate easily. Click here for Sentence Ending Particles (1). Common Ending Particles No (1) Indicates an explanation or emotive emphasis. Used only by women or children in an informal situation. Kore jibunde tsukutta no.ã “ã‚Å'è‡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ 㠧ä ½Å"㠣ã Ÿã ®I made this myself.Onaka ga itai no.㠊㠪ã ‹ã Å'çâ€"݋ „ã ®I have stomachache. (2) Makes a sentence into a question (with a rising intonation). Informal version of ~ no desu ka 㠮㠧㠙㠋. Ashita konai no?明æâ€" ¥Ã¦ ¥Ã£ ªÃ£ „ã ®Arent you coming tomorrow?Doushita no?㠩ã †ã â€"ã Ÿã ®Whats the matter with you? Sa Emphasizes the sentence. Used mainly by men. Sonna koto wa wakatteiru sa.ã ん㠪ã “㠨㠯分㠋㠣㠦ã „ã‚‹ã •I certainly know of such a thing.Hajime kara umaku dekinai no wa atarimae sa.Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š 㠋ら㠆㠾ã 㠧ã 㠪ã „㠮㠯å ½â€œÃ£ Ÿã‚Šå‰ ã •Its natural (indeed) that you cant do well when you first starts. Wa Used only by women. It can have both an emphatic function and a softening effect. Watashi ga suru wa.ã‚ ã Ÿã â€"ã Å'㠙る゠。Ill do it.Sensei ni kiita hou ga ii to omou wa.å…ˆçâ€Å¸Ã£ «Ã¨ žã „㠟㠻ã †ã Å'㠄㠄㠨æ€ 㠆゠I think it would be better to ask the teacher. Yo (1) Emphasizes a command. Benkyou shinasai yo!勉å ¼ ·Ã£ â€"㠪ã •ã „よStudy!Okoranaide yo!怒ら㠪ã „㠧よDont get so angry at me! (2) Indicates moderate emphasis, especially useful when the speaker provides a new piece of information. Ano eiga wa sugoku yokatta yo.㠂㠮æ˜ 熻㠯ã ™ã â€Ã£ è‰ ¯Ã£ ‹ã £Ã£ Ÿã‚ˆThat movie was very good.Kare wa tabako o suwanai yo.Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£ ¯Ã§â€¦â„¢Ã¨ ‰ã‚’å ¸Ã£â€š 㠪ã „よHe doesnt smoke, you know. Ze Elicits an agreement. Used only by men in casual conversation among colleagues, or with those whose social status is below that of the speaker. Nomi ni ikou ze.é £ ²Ã£ ¿Ã£ «Ã¨ ¡Å'ã “ã †ã Å"Lets go for a drink! Zo Emphasizes ones opinion or judgment. Used mainly by men. Iku zo.è ¡Å'ã ã žIm going!Kore wa omoi zo.ã “ã‚Å'㠯é‡ ã „ã žThis is heavy, I tell you.
Tuesday, March 3, 2020
Difference Between Recession and Depression
Difference Between Recession and Depression There is an old joke among economists that states: A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose your job. The difference between the two terms is not very well understood for one simple reason: There is not a universally agreed upon definition. If you ask 100 different economists to define the terms recession and depression, you would get at least 100 different answers. That said, the following discussion summarizes both terms and explains the differences between them in a way that almost all economists could agree with. The Newspaper Definition of Recession The standard newspaper definition of a recession is a decline in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two or more consecutive quarters. This definition is unpopular with most economists for two main reasons. First, this definition does not take into consideration changes in other variables. For example, this definition ignores any changes in the unemployment rate or consumer confidence. Second, by using quarterly data this definition makes it difficult to pinpoint when a recession begins or ends. This means that a recession that lasts ten months or less may go undetected. The BCDC Definition of Recession The Business Cycle Dating Committee at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) provides a better way to find out if there is a recession is taking place. This committee determines the amount of business activity in the economy by looking at things like employment, industrial production, real income and wholesale-retail sales. They define a recession as the time when business activity has reached its peak and starts to fall until the time when business activity bottoms out. When the business activity starts to rise again it is called an expansionary period. By this definition, the average recession lasts about a year. Depression Before the Great Depression of the 1930s, any downturn in economic activity was referred to as a depression. The term recession was developed in this period to differentiate periods like the 1930s from smaller economic declines that occurred in 1910 and 1913. This leads to the simple definition of a depression as a recession that lasts longer and has a larger decline in business activity. The Difference Between Recession and Depression So how can we tell the difference between a recession and a depression? A good rule of thumb for determining the difference between a recession and a depression is to look at the changes in GNP. A depression is any economic downturn where real GDP declines by more than 10 percent. A recession is an economic downturn that is less severe. By this yardstick, the last depression in the United States was from May 1937 to June 1938, where real GDP declined by 18.2 percent. If we use this method then the Great Depression of the 1930s can be seen as two separate events: an incredibly severe depression lasting from August 1929 to March 1933 where real GDP declined by almost 33 percent, a period of recovery, then another less severe depression of 1937-38. The United States hasn’t had anything even close to a depression in the post-war period. The worst recession in the last 60 years was from November 1973 to March 1975, where real GDP fell by 4.9 percent. Countries such as Finland and Indonesia have suffered depressions in recent memory using this definition.
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